In the last few years the face of web development has undergone some significant changes. New technologies have appeared that have added some radically different choices for building web applications. The three major pieces involved in a web app, the client, the server, and the database, have each seen widespread changes in what is available.

When web applications first became popular, clients were simply a combination of HTML and CSS. Use of JavaScript was negligible. Over the past 15 years that trend has slowly and consistently changed such that more and more client-side code is included in web applications.

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